In general, an anusvara at the end of a word in an Indian language is transliterated as ṁ in, but a Malayalam anusvara at the end of a word is transliterated as m without a dot. It is a special consonant letter, different from a 'normal' consonant letter, in that it is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. In Malayalam, however, it simply represents a consonant /m/ after a vowel, though this /m/ may be to another. Anusvaram Anusvaram aṁ അം aṁ /am/ ം ṁ /m/ പം paṁ /pam/ An anusvaram ( അനുസ്വാരം anusvāram), or an, originally denoted the where the preceding vowel was changed into a, and hence is traditionally treated as a kind of vowel sign. For example, /kalam/ means 'earthenware pot' while /kaːlam/ means 'time' or 'season'. Independent Dependent Vowel sign Example ai ഐ ai /ai̯/ ൈ പൈ pai /pai̯/ au ഔ au /au̯/ ൌ (archaic) പൌ pau /pau̯/ ൗ (modern) പൗ pau /pau̯/ It is important to note the vowel duration as it can be used to differentiate words that would otherwise be the same. In the reformed orthography, the vowel signs u, ū, r̥ are simply placed to the right of the consonant letter, while they often make consonant-vowel ligatures in the traditional orthography. The vowel signs o and ō consist of two parts: the first part goes to the left of a consonant letter and the second part goes to the right of it.
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